{"id":1038,"date":"2023-12-16T12:27:27","date_gmt":"2023-12-16T04:27:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rarefruitclub.org.au\/wp\/?page_id=1038"},"modified":"2024-03-05T19:48:43","modified_gmt":"2024-03-05T11:48:43","slug":"artocarpus-altilis","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rarefruitclub.au\/wp\/fruit-trees\/artocarpus-altilis\/","title":{"rendered":"Artocarpus altilis"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Artocarpus altilis<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Breadfuit<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"alignnormal\"><div id=\"metaslider-id-967\" style=\"width: 100%;\" class=\"ml-slider-3-90-1 metaslider metaslider-flex metaslider-967 ml-slider ms-theme-default nav-hidden\" role=\"region\" aria-roledescription=\"Slideshow\" aria-label=\"Artocarpus altilis\">\n    <div id=\"metaslider_container_967\">\n        <div id=\"metaslider_967\">\n            <ul class='slides'>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-3585 ms-image \" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"slide-3585\"><a href=\"https:\/\/rarefruitclub.au\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/breadfruit-lobed-leaves.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rarefruitclub.au\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/breadfruit-lobed-leaves-300x200.jpg\" height=\"200\" width=\"300\" alt=\"Deeply lobed leaves\" class=\"slider-967 slide-3585\" title=\"Deeply-lobed leaves\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-968 ms-image \" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"slide-968\"><a href=\"https:\/\/rarefruitclub.au\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Breadfruit.jpeg\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rarefruitclub.au\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Breadfruit-300x200.jpeg\" height=\"200\" width=\"300\" alt=\"\" class=\"slider-967 slide-968\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-3485 ms-image \" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"slide-3485\"><a href=\"https:\/\/rarefruitclub.au\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/A-altilis-fruit.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rarefruitclub.au\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/A-altilis-fruit-300x200.jpg\" height=\"200\" width=\"300\" alt=\"\" class=\"slider-967 slide-3485\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n        \n    <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Origin<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Northwest New Guinea and now grown throughout Pacific Oceania.&nbsp; It is believed to have been a hybrid of <em>A. camansi <\/em>and <em>A. marianennsis<\/em>, with subsequent changes resulting from human selection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Climate<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>The breadfruit is ultra-tropical.&nbsp; An equatorial lowland species, it grows best below elevations of 650m but is occasionally found up to 1,550 m.&nbsp; Optimal rainfall and <span class='tooltipsall tooltip_post_id_4370 classtoolTips4370'>humidity<\/span> is 1000-3500mm pa reasonably well-distributed, and 70-90% respectively.&nbsp; Latitudinal limits are 17-23 degrees from the Equator. The average temperature suitable for breadfruit is probably over 21\u00b0C.&nbsp; It can withstand brief waterlogging and temperatures up to 40\u00b0C but growth stops below 5-10\u00b0C and frosts are not tolerated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Plant Description<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>The breadfruit tree is a handsome and fast-growing <span class='tooltipsall tooltip_post_id_3344 classtoolTips3344'>perennial<\/span>, up to 30 m tall, often with a clear trunk of 0.6-1.8m diameter, 6m height and frequently buttressed at the base.&nbsp; The large, spiral, <span class='tooltipsall tooltip_post_id_3335 classtoolTips3335'>ovate<\/span>, <span class='tooltipsall tooltip_post_id_3191 classtoolTips3191'>coriaceous<\/span> glossy leaves are 20-60cm long and clustered towards branch terminals, with up to a dozen lobes.&nbsp; All parts of the tree contain a sticky <span class='tooltipsall tooltip_post_id_3298 classtoolTips3298'>latex<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Relatives<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Moraceae Family. Related to breadnut, jakfruit, mulberries and figs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Soils<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Preferred soils are fertile and well-drained with good levels of organic matter and pH of 6-7.5.&nbsp; However it can still grow in sand, sandy loam, sandy clay loam and even in coral and saline soils.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Propagation<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>The <span class='tooltipsall tooltip_post_id_3381 classtoolTips3381'>recalcitrant<\/span> seeds can be used if planted within 2 weeks of removal from the fruit; germination is almost complete. But the better approach is to use&nbsp; root <span class='tooltipsall tooltip_post_id_3430 classtoolTips3430'>suckers<\/span> or <span class='tooltipsall tooltip_post_id_3202 classtoolTips3202'>cuttings<\/span>.&nbsp; Only limited success has been reported with <span class='tooltipsall tooltip_post_id_3780 classtoolTips3780'>marcots<\/span>, <span class='tooltipsall tooltip_post_id_3162 classtoolTips3162'>budding<\/span> and <span class='tooltipsall tooltip_post_id_3774 classtoolTips3774'>grafting<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cultivars<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Chance selections have been made for centuries in Polynesia, resulting in many (50 odd) seedless and seeded <span class='tooltipsall tooltip_post_id_3457 classtoolTips3457'>varieties<\/span> that are now cultivated.\u00a0 Each of these shows preference for particular environments.\u00a0 Seedless varieties are typically triploid. In Australia, named varieties include Mason, Noli, Cricket Ball, Rodgers, Samoan Gold and Limberlost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Flowering and Pollination<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>The species is monoeceous with solitary <span class='tooltipsall tooltip_post_id_3418 classtoolTips3418'>staminate<\/span> and <span class='tooltipsall tooltip_post_id_3353 classtoolTips3353'>pistillate<\/span> <span class='tooltipsall tooltip_post_id_3288 classtoolTips3288'>inflorescences<\/span> in separate leaf <span class='tooltipsall tooltip_post_id_3145 classtoolTips3145'>axils<\/span>.&nbsp; Individual staminate flowers occur on an unbranched axis forming a cylindrical shape, and pistillate flowers arise from a single point producing a more <span class='tooltipsall tooltip_post_id_3258 classtoolTips3258'>globose<\/span> shape.&nbsp; The former flowers each have a single <span class='tooltipsall tooltip_post_id_3417 classtoolTips3417'>stamen<\/span> while the latter are reduced to a tubular <span class='tooltipsall tooltip_post_id_3168 classtoolTips3168'>calyx<\/span>, 2-celled <span class='tooltipsall tooltip_post_id_3783 classtoolTips3783'>ovary<\/span> and 2-lobed <span class='tooltipsall tooltip_post_id_3422 classtoolTips3422'>stigma<\/span> with a short <span class='tooltipsall tooltip_post_id_3428 classtoolTips3428'>style<\/span>.&nbsp;&nbsp; Protandrous <span class='tooltipsall tooltip_post_id_3212 classtoolTips3212'>dichogamy<\/span> behaviour favours <span class='tooltipsall tooltip_post_id_3195 classtoolTips3195'>cross-pollination<\/span> which can produce a high <span class='tooltipsall tooltip_post_id_3250 classtoolTips3250'>fruit set<\/span> (75%).&nbsp; It seems that seedless varieties need <span class='tooltipsall tooltip_post_id_3363 classtoolTips3363'>pollination<\/span> but not necessarily fertilization to trigger fruit set,&nbsp; Pollination is normally by wind and insects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cultivation<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Plant in full sun with some shading for the first year.&nbsp; Fertilization will be necessary for good yields, with the amount increasing according to tree size.&nbsp; A fully bearing mature tree might require 2kg of complete fertilizer pa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Wind Tolerance<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Leaves suffer wind damage but the tree itself, minus maybe some branches, can survive cyclones.&nbsp; Regeneration for a large tree, including the ability to bear fruit, may be complete within a couple of years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Pruning<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Some growers suggest that pruning branches that have borne fruit helps in stimulating new productive shoots.&nbsp; Prune also to maintain a smaller tree size.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>The Fruit<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>The fruit is an <span class='tooltipsall tooltip_post_id_3285 classtoolTips3285'>indehiscent<\/span> <span class='tooltipsall tooltip_post_id_3435 classtoolTips3435'>syncarp<\/span>, globose to cylindrical, 9-26cm long, 6-20cm wide and weighing 0.2-4.5kg.&nbsp; It develops from the entire <span class='tooltipsall tooltip_post_id_3288 classtoolTips3288'>inflorescence<\/span> as the individual flower <span class='tooltipsall tooltip_post_id_3346 classtoolTips3346'>perianths<\/span> fuse and become fleshy.&nbsp; The skin is green when immature and reticulated\/spiny with seeded varieties, smoother with seedless.&nbsp; The core is surrounded by a white-creamy edible flesh. Seeded types can have 10-150 2.5cm long edible brown seeds.&nbsp; Ripe flesh (excluding the core, seeds and skin) is about 70% of the whole fruit and has 22-37% carbohydrate, most of which is starch; it also has reasonable levels of Ca, Mg and vitamins A and C. It has a mild flavour varying with the degree of ripeness at picking and at eating, and with the <span class='tooltipsall tooltip_post_id_3457 classtoolTips3457'>variety<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Fruit Production and Harvesting<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Seedling-grown trees will begin to bear in 8-10 years and root suckers in 3-5.&nbsp; Canopy volume is a good indicator of yield. Fruit take 13-19 weeks to mature and then a further 5 weeks to ripen, which means harvest can be staggered depending on intended use.&nbsp; Mature green fruit are picked as a starch vegetable, but many people prefer to eat them as a ripe fruit. Maturity is indicated by a slight change in skin colour to a yellowish-green, fruit softening, small drops of latex on the rind and the skin segments becoming more rounded.&nbsp; A ten-year-old tree can produce 50-150 and up to 700 fruits each year,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Fruit Uses<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Breadfruit may be eaten ripe as a fruit or under-ripe as a vegetable.&nbsp; Fully ripe fruit is quite sweet.&nbsp; It can also be roasted, boiled, fried, dried, frozen, made into flour and fermented, but many of these processes will degrade vitamins and other nutrients. It is frequently combined with coconut and coconut cream. The seeds, if present are also edible, and represent a good source of protein and minerals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Pests and Diseases<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Possible diseases include dieback,&nbsp; leaf rust, fruit rot (<em>Phytophthora spp<\/em>) and stem end rot.&nbsp; Fruit rot seems to be more problematic on rough than smooth skinned varieties.&nbsp; Pests might include scales and mealy bugs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Comments<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Growing breadfruit in the south west of WA is a real challenge as it is an ultra-tropical.&nbsp; An additional consideration for backyarders is its possible size and the merit of having multiple trees for good yields. If these considerations can be overcome and given their high productivity in the tropics, you might have a chance of obtaining some fruit here with sufficient tlc. The tree is famous as the reason for Captain Bligh\u2019s notoriously mutinous voyage.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Artocarpus altilis Breadfuit Origin Northwest New Guinea and now grown throughout Pacific Oceania.&nbsp; It is believed to have been a hybrid of A. camansi and A. marianennsis, with subsequent changes resulting from human selection. Climate The breadfruit is ultra-tropical.&nbsp; An equatorial lowland species, it grows best below elevations of 650m but is occasionally found up [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":15,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"iawp_total_views":301,"footnotes":""},"folder":[94],"class_list":["post-1038","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rarefruitclub.au\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1038","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rarefruitclub.au\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rarefruitclub.au\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rarefruitclub.au\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rarefruitclub.au\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1038"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/rarefruitclub.au\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1038\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3981,"href":"https:\/\/rarefruitclub.au\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1038\/revisions\/3981"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rarefruitclub.au\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rarefruitclub.au\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1038"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"folder","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rarefruitclub.au\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/folder?post=1038"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}