Pest management using a combination of methods – genetic, biological, management and chemical.

Natural covering, such as skin, shell or rind; also spelled as tegument.

A group of inflorescence bracts surrounding an inflorescence.

Plant signalling molecule found in membrane lipids which regulates plant growth and activates plant defences against insects and fungal pathogens.

Plant, organ or tissue that is not yet fully developed or mature; a plant that is unable to produce flowers and fruit. morphological features may differ between juvenile and mature plants.

Mature embryo; the seed.

Blade or expanded portion of a leaf.

Lance-shaped, longer than wide, widest below the middle, tapering toward the apex, or both apex and base: resembling a lance head.

Arise from the pericycle in mature regions of the root through the establishment of secondary meristems that grow out throughthe cortex and epidermis, establishing a new growth axis.

Complex, often milky solution exuded from cut surfaces of some plants, representing the cytoplasm of laticifers and may contain defensive substances.

cell or cells containing a specific fluid called latex

In many plants, elongated phloem cells that contain rubber, latex and other metabolites.

Single segment (blade) of a compound leaf.

Member of the family fabaceae often associated with rhizobia (nitrogen fixing bacteria).

A corky spot on the surface of a twig or fruit; sometimes persists on the bark or skin to admit air into the interior.

With a high percentage of sand, are free-draining and easily cultivated.

Polymer that may be associated with celluloses and proteins. when deposited in secondary walls, it adds strength and has significant defensive properties.

Rim at the base of an androgynophore.

Shoreline environment.

A compartment or cavity of an ovary, anther or fruit.

propagating a plant by inducing rooting of a root or shoot

The two-stage division of a diploid nucleus during which gene recombination occurs and the number of chromosomes is halved.

Region of a plant where undifferentiated cells divide, generating new cells that ultimately differentiate.

The number of parts per whorl in a flower that characterises a particular species.

Fleshy part of the wall of a succulent fruit; the middle layer of the pericarp in a drupe.

Leaf tissue found between the upper and lower epidermal layers.

The process of breaking down organic compounds by soil microbes that releases nutrients in a form that can be assimilated by plants.

The normal division of a nucleus, whether haploid or diploid, during which chromosomes are replicated.

having one seed leaf

Having stamens and pistils in separate flowers on the same plant.

Having only one representative.

Special cells in the anther and ovule that give rise to pollen or egg cells.

The mass of hyphae that forms the body of a fungus.

A mutualistic association between a fungus and a plant, occurring primarily in the roots.

Having no perianth.

a sugar-rich fluid

localized multicellular glandular structure that secretes nectar

A gland that secretes nectar.

The narrow region on a stem where a leaf or leaves are or were attached.

Specialised organs of a plant host containing symbiotic nitrogen fixing microbes.

Pollination occurs but there is no exchange of genetic material. instead the embryo is formed from tissue surrounding the ovule and the progeny produced are clones of the parent.

Maternal tissue surrounding the ovule.

A dry, hard, indehiscent, one-celled and one-seeded fruit; usually derived from a unilocular ovary.

Spontaneous spiralling movement of a growing plant part, especially with vines, caused by variation in the growth rates on different sides.

A globose shape but flattened at the poles eg apple.

Egg-shaped with the broadest part near the apex.

A deciduous cap on a flower bud.

The stem growing more or less erect

Tissue or a gland, usually associated with flowers, from which aromas emanate.

basal portion of a carpel or group of fused carpels that encloses the ovules

Egg-shaped, about 1.5 times as long as broad, with the wider part at the basal end.

In seed plants, the structure that contains the embryo sac and develops into the seed after fertilization of the egg contained within it.

Radiately arranged, ribbed or lobed, as in the fingers of a hand.

A compound raceme; an inflorescence in which the lateral branches arising from the peduncle produce flower-bearing branches instead of single flowers.

Latent buds inhibited by other plant organs, eg when inhibited by apical dominance that can be overcome by tip pruning that removes apical tissues, or tying down branches laterally that changes hormonal regulation.

Having a pair of leaflets at the apex.

Production of fruit without viable seeds, as in bananas and some grapes; may be induced artificially.

A highly hydrophilic polysaccharide built up of monomers of alpha-galacturonic acid, an important component of cell walls

The secondary stalks of a compound inflorescence bearing individual flowers.

Main flower stalk of a compound inflorescence, supporting either a cluster of flowers or the only flower of a single-flowered inflorescence.

Having the stalk of a leaf attached to the lower surface of the blade somewhere within the margin rather than on the margin.

A plant that lives for more than 2 years.

Having both functional stamens and pistils.

Calyx and corolla collectively, or the calyx alone if the corolla is absent.

The walls of a ripe ovule or fruit; its layers may be fused into one, or separated or divisible into epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp.

sepals, petals and stamens are carried up around the ovary but not attached to it

Leaf stalk, sometimes absent.

Of germination, when the cotyledon/s is/are exposed and photosynthetic.

Tissue that transports products of photosynthesis and other metabolites from mature leaves to areas of growth and storage, including the roots.

process where carbon dioxide is fixed as a carbohydrate using energy from the sun

Covered with air, especially soft hair.

leaflets along the rachis of a pinnately compound leaf

Compound leaf, having lobes or blades of a leaf arranged along the sides of a common axis; also applies to major lateral veins.

The female organ of a flower, collectively ovary, style and stigma (gynoecium) consisting of of one or more carpels.

sterile gynoecium

The hard endocarp that encloses the seed of a drupe.

Ovule-bearing part of the ovary and seed-bearing surface in the fruit.

The stem or branches being held more or less horizontal.

When a leaf lamina is folded like a fan.

The young shoot above the cotyledon(s) of an embryo or seedling.

Any dry dehiscent fruit.

Cut back to the trunk to produce a dense mass of branches on regrowth.

Male spore-like structures produced by anthers in flowers and by male cones.

Microscopic tube that grows down the stigma from the pollen grain; through it the sperm cells are deposited into the embryo sac.

The process by which pollen is transferred from the anther where it is produced, to the stigma of a flower.

Pollen aggregated into units of many grains each.

A condition in which two or more embryos are formed in a single ovule.

A tree with hermaphrodite, pistillate and staminate flowers.

Having more than twice the haploid number of chromosomes per nucleus.

Polymer made up of many 5 or 6 carbon sugars

Fruit in which the floral cup forms a thick outer fleshy layer and has a papery inner pericarp layer (endocarp) forming a multi-seeded core, eg apple, pear, quince.

The branch of science dealing with fruit and fruit culture.

Developing early, often used with fruit or when flowers appear before leaves.

The termination of the shedding of pollen of a plant or flower prior to receptivity on the same plant or flower.

The termination of stigma receptivity prior to the maturation of pollen on the same plant or flower.

Fruit that develops not only from the ripened ovary, or ovaries, but from non-ovarian tissues as well.

Covered with fine, short, soft hairs.

Hard or stony endocarp; nutlet.

Pear-shaped.

An inflorescence in which the single flowers are borne on pedicels arranged singly along the sides of a flower-shoot axis.